AKIOKA,Hiroki - Faculty of Economics Department of Economics International Economics

AKIOKA, Hiroki

Faculty, Department/Institute

Faculty of Economics Department of Economics International Economics

Academic status (qualification)

Professor Apr. 1,2004

Undergraduate Degrees・University

Osaka University Faculty of Economics1984 Graduated

Graduate Degrees・University

Osaka University Doctor's Degree Program 1992 ABD- Coursework completed
Osaka University Master's Degree Program English 1991 Completed

Academic Degrees

M.A. Economics 1991 Osaka University

Homepage Address, E-mail Address

E-mail Address：akioka@kansai-u.ac.jp

Research fields

Research fields	keyword
Economic policy (including Economic condition)
Econometrics
Industrial organization

Research topics

research topic	Empirical Research on Privatization of Public Enterprise
Study theme state	Individual Research
research duration
Research Programs
keyword	Privatization,Public Enterprise,Empirical Research,
Research field
Research Topics Overview

research topic	Theoretical and Empirical Research on Deregulation
Study theme state	Individual Research
research duration
Research Programs
keyword	Deregulation,Theoretical Research,Empirical Research,
Research field
Research Topics Overview

research topic	International Macroeconomic Policy
Study theme state	Individual Research
research duration
Research Programs
keyword	Mocroeconometric Models,Simulations on Macroeconimic Policy,Sachs-McKibbin's World Economy Model,
Research field
Research Topics Overview

research topic	International Macroeconomic Policy
Study theme state	Individual Research
research duration
Research Programs
keyword	Mocroeconometric Models,Simulations on Macroeconimic Policy,Sachs-McKibbin's World Economy Model,
Research field
Research Topics Overview

Research Activities

My major is economic policy based on empirical studies including both theoretical modeling and econometric estimation that I learned through my visiting research at Harvard. Specific emphasis has been placed upon the analysis on international tax policy and privatization policies using macroeconometric models.

Research Career

Visiting Scholar at Harvard Law School 2000/8/20～2001年/8/20
Research Associate at Osaka University 1992/6/1～1994年/3/30
Visiting Scholar at Boston University School of Law 2009/9/17～2010年/3/16

Academic Associations

所属学会・団体名	役職名 (役職在任期間)
Research Forum for Regulation and Competition
Japan Economic Policy Association	director(2016/6/1)

Joint Projects/Commissioned Projects

Kansai University Special Research Fund
1997 - 1998 Joint Research on campus
Kansai University Special Research Fund
2002 - 2003 Joint Research on campus

Research Publications

No.	Type of publication	Date of publication (Date of presentation)	Title	Type of research result	Jointly authored or single authored	Publisher and journal name	Volume number
1	Papers1	2010/3/31～2010,03,31,,,	Virtual Intermediaries: Consumption Tax Problems in Japan, Europe, and the United States –The Case of the Virtual Travel Agent	In-house publication	International coauthorship	Kansai University Review of Economics	No.12, pp25-48
2	Papers1	2009/3/31～2009,03,31,,,	Electronic Tax Fraud – Are there "Sales Zappers" in Japan?	In-house publication	International coauthorship	Kansai University Review of Economics	No.11, pp1-34
3	Papers1	2007/3/31～2007,03,31,,,	A Proposal for the Tax Commission: Biometrics and Certified Software for the Consumption Tax	In-house publication	International coauthorship	Kansai University Review of Economics	No. 9, pp73-109
4	Book2	2007/3/31～2007,03,31,,,	DIGITAL CONSUMPTION TAX (D-CT)	Monograph	International coauthorship	Kansai University Press	206 pages
5	Papers1	2006/3/31～2006,03,31,,,	Taxing Services under the EU VAT and Japanese Consumption Tax: A Comparative Assessment of New EU Place of Taxation Rules for Services and Intangibles	In-house publication	International coauthorship	Kansai University Review of Economics	No.8 pp1-42
6	Papers1	2005/3/31～2005,03,31,,,	Sarbanes-Oxley and the Provision of Non-Audit Transaction Tax Services :A Comparative Assessment of US, French, Australian and Japanese Rules	In-house publication	International coauthorship	Kansai University Review of Economics	No. 7 pp.1-31
7	Papers1	2003/12/15～2003,12,15,,,	A Verification on the Economic Effects of the Privatization Policy in Japan using Chow Test -A Selection of Explanatory Variables by Information Criteria and a Statistical Test on the Structural Change of the Econometrical Models: Evidence from Okinawa Electric Power Corporation and the Japanese Tobacco Industry-	In-house publication	Single-Author	The Economic Review of Kansai University	Vol.53, No.3 pp.47-73
8	Papers1	2003/6/15～2003,06,15,,,	Re-Verifying the Economic Effects of the Privatization Policy on Public Corporations in Japan -A Selection of Explanatory Variables by Information Criterions and an Analysis of their Impacts by Recursive Residuals :Evidence from Okinawa Electric Power Corporation and Japanese Tobacco Industry-	In-house publication	Single-Author	The Economic Review of Kansai University	V0l.53 No.1, pp45-79
9	Papers1	2002/12/15～2002,12,15,,,	An Empirical Study on a Full Privatization on an Electric Power Corporation in Japan -Evidence from Okinawa Electric Power Corporation:An Econometric Estimation of its Average Cost Function (1972-1998), along with an Evaluation of the Economic Effects of the Exogenous Technical Progress and its Plant Utilization Rate, and a Regression Diagnostics on its Statistical Values-	In-house publication	Single-Author	The Economic Review of Kansai University	V0l.52 No.3, pp65-106
10	Papers1	2001/6/15～2001,06,15,,,	A Verification on the Effectiveness of the Macroecomometric Model for the Japanese Economy from a Viewpoint of Fitness to the Past Data	In-house publication	Single-Author	The Economic Review of Kansai University	Vol.51 No.1, pp47-82
11	Papers1	2000/3～2000,03,,,,	A study on the Privatization of the Japanese Tobacco Industry by Government Auditing Data	Academic Journal	Single-Author	”Government Auditing Review”, The Japanese Board of Audit	No.21, PP27-48
12	Papers1	1999/3/6～19961999,03,06,1996,,	A Study on the Economic Effect of Deregulations in Japan -A Temporary Simulation by Macroeconometric Models-(1/2),(2/2)	In-house publication	Single-Author	The Economic Review of Kansai University	(1)Vol.48 No.4, pp43-54 (2)Vol.49 No.1, pp1-28
13	Papers1	1999/3～1999,03,,,,	Deregulation in Japan -its Significance, Present Situation and Prospect (Provisional Estimate)-	In-house publication	Single-Author	The Institute of Economic & Political Studies, Kansai University, Economic & Political Studies Series	No.114 p54-87
14	Papers1	1996/9～1996,09,,,,	Information-Oriented Management and Competition-Findings from a Survey of Japanese Toiletry Industry-	In-house publication	Single-Author	Kansai University Review of Economics and Business	Vol.25 No.1, pp95-124
15	Opinions99	1996/6～1996,06,,,,	Opinions of the Civic Committee on Administrative and Financial Reforms of Settsu City (as a vice-chairman)		Co-author
16	Papers1	1996/4/6～1996,04,06,,,	Deregulation and its Basis on Economic Theory	In-house publication	Single-Author	The Economic Review of Kansai University	(1)Vol.46 No.1, pp1-28 (2)Vol.46 No.2, pp39-66
17	Textbook23	1996/4～1996,04,,,,	Regulation and Competition	Monograph	Co-authored chapter	Chapter 4, ”Analysis of Modern Japanese Economy”, Yachiyo Publishers	p113-161
18	Research report21	1996/3～1996,03,,,,	Information-Oriented Management and Competition	Other	Co-author	Chapter 2, ”'Creative Business Activities' and Competition”, Fair Trade Commission	p18-39
19	Book review6	1995/4～1995,04,,,,	Book Review : ”DE L'ESPRIT DES LOIS” -the Theory of Societies and Systems - : Book Review Quarterly, Vol. 106, Kansai Univ. , April 1995	Other	Single-Author
20	Papers1	1994/3～1994,03,,,,	A Note on Non-parametric Tests for Cost Minimization~from H. R. Varian(1985)”Non-parametric Analysis of Optimizing Behavior with Measurement Error”~	In-house publication	Single-Author	Osaka Economic papers	Vol.43 No.2-4, pp101-107
21	Papers1	1994/3～1994,03,,,,	A Note on Non-parametric Tests for Cost Minimization (II)~from H. R. Varian(1984)”The Nonparametric Approach to Production Analysis”~	In-house publication	Single-Author	Osaka Economic Papers	Vol.43 No.2-4, pp108-113
22	Papers1	1993/9～1993,09,,,,	Average Cost Function of the ”Okinawa Electric Power Corporation”-the Effect of Economy of Scale, Capacity Utilization, and the ”Full” Privatization-	In-house publication	Single-Author	Osaka Economic Papers	Vol.43 No.1, pp51-65
23	Book review6	1993/8～1993,08,,,,	Book Review : Jean Tirole”The Theory of Industrial Organization”, MIT Press, 1988 ; The Keizai Seminar, August 1993	Other	Single-Author
24	Papers1	1993/3～1993,03,,,,	Average Cost Function in the Japanese Tobacco Industry : the Impact of the Privatization in 1985	In-house publication	Single-Author	Osaka Economic Papers	Vol.42 No.3-4, pp467-479
25	Papers1	1993/2～1993,02,,,,	An Estimation of Average Cost Function and A Comparison of Operating Costs (Pubic vs Regulated Private Enterprise) in the Japanese Municipal Gas Industry -Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data-	In-house publication	Single-Author	Osaka Economic Papers	Vol.42 No.1-2, pp186-199
26	Papers1	1992/3～1992,03,,,,	X-Inefficiency-An Empirical Approach	In-house publication	Single-Author	Osaka Economic Papers	Vol.41 No.4, pp72-94

PapersVirtual Intermediaries: Consumption Tax Problems in Japan, Europe, and the United States –The Case of the Virtual Travel Agent UnrefereedIn-house publicationInternational coauthorshipRichard T. Ainsworth;Hiroki Akioka;Virtual intermediary;VAT;Sales tax;Tax avoidance;Consumption Tax;Kansai University Review of EconomicsNo.12, pp25-482010/3/31～English Based on the structure of the Japanese Consumption Tax (CT) and estimates of losses in similar taxes in other jurisdictions, this paper estimates that approximately ¥26,532 million has not been collected each year for the past eight to ten years, even though these taxes have been paid by hotel guests to reservation agents when on-line reservations were made with virtual travel agents. This is a comparative assessment. It is focused on the Japanese CT, but it draws solutions from observations of what has been done in Europe’s VAT, and American sales taxes.

PapersElectronic Tax Fraud – Are there "Sales Zappers" in Japan?UnrefereedIn-house publicationInternational coauthorshipRichard T. Ainsworth;Hiroki Akioka;Zappers ;Tax fraud;Electronic Cash Register (ECR);Point of Sale (POS) system;Kansai University Review of EconomicsNo.11, pp1-342009/3/31～EnglishSkimming cash receipts is an old fashioned tax fraud. Modern technology is changing how businesses skim. The agents of change are software applications – Phantom-ware ("hidden," pre-installed programming option(s) in ECRs) and Zappers (add-on programs for POS systems). These programs are a serious problem in Canada, the Netherlands, Germany, Brazil, Australia and Sweden. Why are they not a concern in Japan? Although it may be that they are not used in the Japan, it seems more likely that they are simply not being detected, because of insufficient (or technologically limited) audit resources. The authors hope to focus attention on this issue.

PapersA Proposal for the Tax Commission: Biometrics and Certified Software for the Consumption TaxUnrefereedIn-house publicationInternational coauthorshipRichard T. Ainsworth;Hiroki Akioka;Kansai University Review of EconomicsNo. 9, pp73-1092007/3/31～EnglishSignificant change is anticipated in the Japanese Consumption Tax. The Japanese Tax Commission is recommending that the rate should double, multiple rates should be employed, and the bookkeeping method of accounting should be abandoned in favor of the European invoice method. The Tax Commission faces a tax policy dilemma. The aging population drives the need for a tax increase (making the Consumption Tax an obvious target for revenue enhancement) at exactly the same time the population is shrinking in overall size, thereby reducing the number of working-consumers who can pay the higher tax. This paper proposes a way out of this dilemma. It proposes the adoption of certified transaction tax software at the point of (final) sale, and the distribution (for voluntary use by the needy) of IDs embedded with (a) digitally recognized biometric identifiers and (b) digital tax exemption certificates. Rates could then rise without excessively burdening the poor, elderly and handicapped.

BookDIGITAL CONSUMPTION TAX (D-CT)UnrefereedMonographInternational coauthorshipRichard T. Ainsworth;Hiroki Akioka;Kansai University Press206 pages2007/3/31～EnglishModern technology is dramatically changing the way consumption taxes are collected, but it is also changing the way policymakers assess the operation and impact of these taxes. Whether the design is a standard credit-invoice value added tax (VAT) of European design, or a retail sales tax (RST) of American design, or the credit subtraction VAT without invoices type of consumption tax (CT) of Japanese design, technology is having a profound impact. This book begins and ends with a tax reform. It starts with a proposal to the President's (George W. Bush's) Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, and ends with a proposal for the consideration of Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's Tax Commission. Neither tax reform commission appears at the moment to be considering technological solutions, although both are critically interested in consumption taxes. In the U.S. case both of the identified structural barriers to a federal level VAT (federal-state coordination and regressivity) can be answered technologically. In the Japanese case a wholesale transformation of the CT is under consideration; one that would move the Japanese CT to an invoice system with multiple rates and a standard rate of 10 percent or higher. The structural departure that this proposal makes from the traditional Japanese CT need not be taken if technological solutions are applied, although the double digit rate increase seems to be a given for revenue reasons.Kansai University Publication Grant FY2006 20060401-20070331

PapersTaxing Services under the EU VAT and Japanese Consumption Tax: A Comparative Assessment of New EU Place of Taxation Rules for Services and IntangiblesUnrefereedIn-house publicationInternational coauthorshipRichard T. Ainsworth;Hiroki Akioka;Kansai University Review of EconomicsNo.8 pp1-422006/3/31～EnglishPlace of taxation rules are the seminal cross-jurisdictional provisions of any consumption tax regime. They determine where among competing jurisdictions a particular service is taxed. It is therefore of considerable importance to Japanese businesses and consumers when the European Union undertakes a wholesale revision of the place of taxation rules for services and intangibles. The OECD has recently observed that a general ”lack of international consistency and coherence” in these rules is erecting global trade barriers (double taxation), and provided opportunities for global tax avoidance. This paper compares current and proposed EU place of taxation rules for services and intangibles with companion rules under the Japanese Consumption Tax. It concludes that the OECD observation is correct, and that the proposals do not alleviate EU-Japan ”inconsistencies.”

PapersSarbanes-Oxley and the Provision of Non-Audit Transaction Tax Services :A Comparative Assessment of US, French, Australian and Japanese RulesUnrefereedIn-house publicationInternational coauthorshipRichard T. Ainsworth;Hiroki Akioka;Kansai University Review of EconomicsNo. 7 pp.1-312005/3/31～EnglishThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is US legislation that mandates wide-ranging reforms in the public company financial reporting process. The central concern is with auditor independence. Similar legislation has been enacted in France, Australia and Japan. This paper pays specific attention to the provision of non-audit transaction tax services by the auditor as an example of the US approach. The US approach is contrasted with that of France, Australia and Japan. France and Japan represent extreme positions. The paper considers whether difference in approach to auditor independence will prompt US regulators to exercise extra-territorial regulatory powers over foreign accounting firms that audit firms listing on US exchanges.Kansai University Researcher, 2004 20040401-20040930

PapersA Verification on the Economic Effects of the Privatization Policy in Japan using Chow Test -A Selection of Explanatory Variables by Information Criteria and a Statistical Test on the Structural Change of the Econometrical Models: Evidence from Okinawa Electric Power Corporation and the Japanese Tobacco Industry-UnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;The Economic Review of Kansai UniversityVol.53, No.3 pp.47-732003/12/15～Kansai University Special Research Fund 20020401-20030331

PapersRe-Verifying the Economic Effects of the Privatization Policy on Public Corporations in Japan -A Selection of Explanatory Variables by Information Criterions and an Analysis of their Impacts by Recursive Residuals :Evidence from Okinawa Electric Power Corporation and Japanese Tobacco Industry-UnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;The Economic Review of Kansai UniversityV0l.53 No.1, pp45-792003/6/15～Kansai University Grant-in-Aid for the Faculty Joint Research Program 20020401-20030331

PapersAn Empirical Study on a Full Privatization on an Electric Power Corporation in Japan -Evidence from Okinawa Electric Power Corporation:An Econometric Estimation of its Average Cost Function (1972-1998), along with an Evaluation of the Economic Effects of the Exogenous Technical Progress and its Plant Utilization Rate, and a Regression Diagnostics on its Statistical Values-UnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;The Economic Review of Kansai UniversityV0l.52 No.3, pp65-1062002/12/15～Public Policy Studies Association of Japan, 2002Kansai University Special Research Fund 20020401-20030331

PapersA Verification on the Effectiveness of the Macroecomometric Model for the Japanese Economy from a Viewpoint of Fitness to the Past DataUnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;The Economic Review of Kansai UniversityVol.51 No.1, pp47-822001/6/15～

PapersA study on the Privatization of the Japanese Tobacco Industry by Government Auditing DataUnrefereedAcademic JournalSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;”Government Auditing Review”, The Japanese Board of AuditNo.21, PP27-482000/3～

PapersA Study on the Economic Effect of Deregulations in Japan -A Temporary Simulation by Macroeconometric Models-(1/2),(2/2)In-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;The Economic Review of Kansai University(1)Vol.48 No.4, pp43-54 (2)Vol.49 No.1, pp1-281999/3/6～1996Kansai University Special Research Fund 199704-199803

PapersDeregulation in Japan -its Significance, Present Situation and Prospect (Provisional Estimate)-UnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;The Institute of Economic & Political Studies, Kansai University, Economic & Political Studies SeriesNo.114 p54-871999/3～Kansai University Special Research Fund 199704-199803

PapersInformation-Oriented Management and Competition-Findings from a Survey of Japanese Toiletry Industry-UnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;Kansai University Review of Economics and BusinessVol.25 No.1, pp95-1241996/9～In recent years, more and more firms have been struggling to gain a competitive edge through the effective use of information systems. This type of business management is called ”information-oriented management”. There is nothing particular in itself; it is just an effort to put into practice the need for outperforming competition in terms of the quantity and quality of information. However, the very viewpoint of ”information” is what theoretical models of traditional economics have lacked most. The purposes of this paper were to shed light on the nature of information-oriented management in relation to economic theory drawing on some findings of a survey of firms, and thereby to examine what impact this type of business management would have on market competition and on national economy as a whole.

OpinionsOpinions of the Civic Committee on Administrative and Financial Reforms of Settsu City (as a vice-chairman)UnrefereedCo-authorAKIOKA Hiroki;1996/6～

PapersDeregulation and its Basis on Economic TheoryUnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;The Economic Review of Kansai University(1)Vol.46 No.1, pp1-28 (2)Vol.46 No.2, pp39-661996/4/6～

TextbookRegulation and CompetitionUnrefereedMonographCo-authored chapterAKIOKA Hiroki;Yoshizo Hashimoto et.al.;Chapter 4, ”Analysis of Modern Japanese Economy”, Yachiyo Publishersp113-1611996/4～

Research reportInformation-Oriented Management and CompetitionUnrefereedOtherCo-authorAKIOKA Hiroki;Noriyuki Doi et.al.;Chapter 2, ”'Creative Business Activities' and Competition”, Fair Trade Commissionp18-391996/3～”An Entrusted Research on 'Creative Business Activities' and Competition”, Fair Trade Commission 19950901-19960331

Book reviewBook Review : ”DE L'ESPRIT DES LOIS” -the Theory of Societies and Systems - : Book Review Quarterly, Vol. 106, Kansai Univ. , April 1995UnrefereedOtherSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;1995/4～

PapersA Note on Non-parametric Tests for Cost Minimization~from H. R. Varian(1985)”Non-parametric Analysis of Optimizing Behavior with Measurement Error”~UnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;Osaka Economic papersVol.43 No.2-4, pp101-1071994/3～Some ”strict” assumptions (or specifications) are often implicitly applied to our models of empirical studies, like ”We assume...” or ”We suppose...”. But, actually, are they true? Varian (1985) showed that we can test for cost minimization of firms ”almost without any assumptions”. This is what is called a ”Non-parametric Approach”. In this note, we studied the effectiveness of this type of approach and examined the possibility of its application to empirical studies.

PapersA Note on Non-parametric Tests for Cost Minimization (II)~from H. R. Varian(1984)”The Nonparametric Approach to Production Analysis”~UnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;Osaka Economic PapersVol.43 No.2-4, pp108-1131994/3～In our previous note (1994), we studied the effectiveness of Varian's non-parametric approach to cost minimization and examined its possibility of the application to empirical studies. However, Varian's ”Weak Axiom of Cost Minimization (WACM)”, which is just the essence of this type of approach, was not referred to in detail in that note because of some quantitative constraints. Therefore, in this note, we mainly studied this axiom.

PapersAverage Cost Function of the ”Okinawa Electric Power Corporation”-the Effect of Economy of Scale, Capacity Utilization, and the ”Full” Privatization-UnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;Osaka Economic PapersVol.43 No.1, pp51-651993/9～In our previous paper (1993), we could not verify the downward shift of the average cost function of the Japan Monopoly Corporation in its privatization, and thought this was because it was not a ”full” privatization. In this paper, we studied the effect of the ”full” privatization of the ”Okinawa Electric Power Corporation”, estimating its average cost function similarly to our previous papers. Moreover, we examined other effects described in the title of this paper above.

Book reviewBook Review : Jean Tirole”The Theory of Industrial Organization”, MIT Press, 1988 ; The Keizai Seminar, August 1993UnrefereedOtherSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;1993/8～

PapersAverage Cost Function in the Japanese Tobacco Industry : the Impact of the Privatization in 1985UnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;Osaka Economic PapersVol.42 No.3-4, pp467-4791993/3～Through a simple microeconomic analysis, Vickers and Yarrow (1988) showed that the average (unit) cost of a monopolistic firm should be shifted downwards ”considerably” after privatization, so that the social welfare may be improved by it. In this paper, we studied the effect of the privatization of the ”Japan Monopoly Corporation” in 1985, estimating its average cost function by means of the translog frontier functions and the econometric methods of estimation.

PapersAn Estimation of Average Cost Function and A Comparison of Operating Costs (Pubic vs Regulated Private Enterprise) in the Japanese Municipal Gas Industry -Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data-UnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;Osaka Economic PapersVol.42 No.1-2, pp186-1991993/2～The Japanese Economic AssociationAccording to the theory of X-Inefficiency, the productive efficiency of a firm is often influenced by its circumstantial factors, especially by various kinds of ”pressure”. Most of the empirical studies on the U.S. major industries show the significant link between a firm's efficiency and the ”pressure” on it. Namely, a certain ”pressure” shifts the firm's average cost function downwards. The degree of this type of ”pressure” is sometimes represented by the firm's ownership form (public or private). This study intended to show whether this implication was also applicable to the Japanese municipal gas industry by means of the translog frontier functions and the econometric methods of estimation with the actual data that consisted of 738 observations.

PapersX-Inefficiency-An Empirical ApproachUnrefereedIn-house publicationSingle-AuthorAKIOKA Hiroki;Osaka Economic PapersVol.41 No.4, pp72-941992/3～The Japanese Economic Society”X-inefficiency” is a concept advocated by H. Leibenstein (1966). According to his theory, neither organization nor people work as efficiently as possible for various reasons, especially for the lack of competitive pressure. He called this type of inefficiency ”X-inefficiency”. In this paper, we intended to analyze the relationship between ”X-inefficiency” and the ”competitive pressure” in the Japanese major industries from the empirical point of view. For this purpose, we made use of the transcendental logarithmic (translog) frontier functions developed by Professor D. W. Jorgenson et al. (1973) as our theoretical model, and then, we applied the econometric method of estimation suggested by W. H. Greene (1980) to the model.

AKIOKA, Hiroki